Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb (page from the Book of the Dead). New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty. c. 1275 B.C.E. Painted papyrus scroll.


  • FRAGMENT OF PAPYRUS SCROLL
  • PAPERLIKE SUBSTANCE 
  • MOST IMP SURFACE FOR WRITING
  • BOOK OF THE DEAD
  • ANCIENT TEXT 
  • SPELLS, PRAYERS, INCANTATIONS
  • SETS OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR AFTERLIFE 
  • CAME TO BE USED BY PEOPLE OF HIGH RANK 
  • TOMB OF HU NEFER, A SCRIBE
  • PRIESTLY STATUS
  • LITERATE, HIGH STATUS IN EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
  • SCENE OF JUDGMENT 
  • AFTERLIFE? 
  • DISTINGUISHED BY WHITE ROBE 
  • GUIDED BY ANUBIS, ASSOCIATED W/ MUMMIFICATION, DEATH
  • ANKH - SYMBOL OF ETERNAL LIFE
  • ANUBIS ADJUSTING A SCALE, BALANCE
  • MA'AT DIVINE ORDER, ETHICAL LIFE
  • PASS TEST, ACCESS TO AFTERLIFE
  • THOTH RECORDING PROCEEDINGS 
  • HUNEFER INTRODUCED TO OSIRIS BY HIS SON, HORUS
  • HORUS FALCON
  • ENTHRONED, SYMBOLS OF EGYPT, LOTUS BLOSSOM SYMBOL OF ETERNAL LIFE
  • HORUS'S CHILDREN, FOUR, CARDINAL POINTS; THEY KEEP DEAD PRESERVED
  • HORUS REPRESENTED AS AN EYE
  • REPRESENTATIONS IN ART REMAIN THE SAME THROUGHOUT THOUSANDS OF YRS
  • WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND VISUAL ARTS UNIFIED